Mycorrhizal Inoculation Improves the Quality and Productivity of Essential Oil Distilled from Three Aromatic and Medicinal Plants: Thymus satureioides, Thymus pallidus, and Lavandula dentata

In Morocco, extensive use, traditional practices, and climate change have seriously impacted the productivity of aromatic medicinal plants (AMP). To mitigate these adverse effects, this study aims at evaluating potential arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), namely Rhizophagusirregularis Funneliformis mosseae, in improving biomass, essential oils (EOs), biomolecule production Thymus satureioides, T. pallidus, Lavandula dentata. Compared to non-inoculated-AMP, AMF induced significant increases biomass by 37.1, 52.4, 43.6%, EOs yield 21, 74, 88% L. dentata, respectively. The inoculated-AMP exhibited increased proportions major compounds such as thymol (23.7%), carvacrol (23.36%), borneol (18.7%) satureioides; ?-terpinene (32.6%), (28.79%), ?-terpinene (8.1%) pallidus; camphor (58.44%), isoborneol (8.8%), fenchol (4.1%) Moreover, significantly improved anti-germinative antifungal activities EOs. Indeed, IC50 values decreased 1.8, 16.95, 2.2 times against Blumerai graminis, Zymoseptoria tritici, Fusarium culmorum, respectively, compared non-inoculated-AMP. This highlights performance symbiosis between AMPs terms high quality while respecting environment. associations F. mosseae-Thymus R. irregularis-Lavandula are most efficient.